Cultural Perspectives on Entrepreneurship: Defining the Entrepreneur Across EO APAC Countries
Entrepreneurship is a universal concept, yet its meaning can differ significantly across cultures. In the EO APAC region, the entrepreneurial journey is shaped by a rich tapestry of traditions, values, and societal norms. From the resourcefulness of the Philippines to the precision of Singapore, each country offers a unique perspective on what it means to be an entrepreneur. This exploration delves into how different cultures in the EO APAC region define entrepreneurship, revealing the diverse ways in which individuals turn ambition into action.
1. Malaysia: "Usahawan"
In Malaysia, the word "Usahawan" encapsulates the essence of entrepreneurship, rooted in the idea of effort and endeavor. This term reflects the cultural value placed on persistence and hard work, while also emphasizing the broader impact of entrepreneurial efforts. Malaysian entrepreneurs are often seen as catalysts for collective progress, driving societal growth beyond mere profit margins.
The success of Malaysian entrepreneurs is measured not just in financial terms, but in the ripple effect they create through job creation and community development. Anthony Tan, co-founder of Grab, embodies this ethos, having revolutionized the transportation sector while simultaneously contributing to local economies and societies across Southeast Asia.
Malaysia's diverse cultural landscape, with its significant Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities, gives rise to varied entrepreneurial approaches. In Chinese Malaysian communities, for instance, family-owned businesses are commonplace, reflecting a deep-seated focus on legacy and familial duty.
2. Philippines: "Negosyante"
The Filipino term "Negosyante," derived from "Negosyo" (business), embodies the entrepreneurial spirit that thrives in the face of adversity. In the Philippines, entrepreneurship is viewed as a powerful means to uplift one's family and community, resonating deeply with the Filipino values of resilience and resourcefulness.
The journey of a Filipino entrepreneur often unfolds against a backdrop of economic challenges, requiring a potent blend of daring dreams and calculated risks. Tony Tan Caktiong's story perfectly illustrates this spirit. Starting with a modest ice cream parlor, he built Jollibee into a global fast-food empire, driven by the twin desires of providing for his family and creating local employment opportunities.
Across the Philippine archipelago, regional differences shape diverse entrepreneurial practices. Rural areas often see micro-entrepreneurs focusing on agribusiness or local crafts, while urban centers like Manila foster a burgeoning tech startup scene, showcasing the adaptability of Filipino entrepreneurship.
3. Singapore: "创业者" (Chuàngyè Zhě)
In Singapore, the Chinese term "创业者" (Chuàngyè Zhě), literally meaning "business creator," reflects the city-state's unique entrepreneurial landscape. Here, tradition and innovation fuse to create a dynamic business environment where entrepreneurs are viewed as the driving force behind a fast-paced, forward-thinking society.
The Singaporean government actively nurtures this entrepreneurial spirit through initiatives like the Startup SG program, fostering an ecosystem that values meticulous planning alongside bold vision. Min-Liang Tan, co-founder of Razer, exemplifies Singapore's entrepreneurial ethos. His journey from lawyer to tech mogul showcases the precision and innovation that characterize Singaporean entrepreneurship, resulting in scalable and sustainable businesses with global reach.
While Singapore's entrepreneurial culture is predominantly influenced by its Chinese-majority population, the city-state's multicultural fabric, including significant Malay and Indian communities, contributes to a rich diversity of entrepreneurial practices and ideas. This cultural melting pot fuels a unique brand of innovation that sets Singaporean entrepreneurs apart on the global stage.
4. Vietnam: "Doanh nhân"
In Vietnam, the term "Doanh nhân" carries connotations of business acumen and leadership, reflecting the country's rapidly evolving entrepreneurial landscape. As Vietnam experiences swift economic growth, a new generation of entrepreneurs is emerging, blending traditional values with modern aspirations.
Vietnamese entrepreneurs are admired for their strategic thinking and ability to navigate a complex business environment steeped in history yet brimming with new opportunities. Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao, CEO of VietJet Air, exemplifies this duality. Her success in transforming the aviation industry demonstrates how Vietnamese entrepreneurs leverage deep cultural understanding alongside innovative business practices to create impactful ventures.
The entrepreneurial spirit in Vietnam manifests differently across its diverse regions. In bustling urban centers like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, tech startups and service-oriented businesses thrive. Meanwhile, rural areas see entrepreneurs focusing on agriculture and local trade, often incorporating traditional practices into modern business models.
5. Indonesia: "Pengusaha"
The Indonesian word "Pengusaha" emphasizes the role of the entrepreneur as a business operator, reflecting the country's vast and diverse entrepreneurial landscape. In a nation known for its rich natural resources and cultural tapestry, Indonesian entrepreneurs are celebrated for their ingenuity and adaptability.
Nadiem Makarim, founder of Gojek, embodies the Indonesian entrepreneurial spirit. By harnessing local resources and talents, he created a revolutionary ride-hailing and services platform that addresses uniquely Indonesian challenges. His success story underscores how Indonesian entrepreneurs navigate a complex market, overcome challenges, and create value in an ever-changing environment.
The entrepreneurial fabric of Indonesia is as diverse as its archipelago of thousands of islands. In Java, the concept of "gotong royong" (mutual assistance) often influences business practices, emphasizing collaboration and community welfare. This cultural nuance contributes to a distinctive form of entrepreneurship that balances individual success with collective prosperity.
6. Thailand: "ผู้ประกอบการ" (Phū̀prak̀ābkār)
In Thailand, "ผู้ประกอบการ" (Phū̀prak̀ābkār) translates to "business operator" or "business creator," reflecting the Thai approach to entrepreneurship that values harmony and balance. This cultural inclination often manifests in a unique entrepreneurial style that merges traditional practices with innovative business models.
Thai entrepreneurs like Tos Chirathivat of Central Group exemplify this balanced approach. By focusing on sustainability, ethics, and community alignment alongside profit and growth, they create businesses that resonate deeply with Thai values. This holistic view of entrepreneurship often results in ventures that not only succeed commercially but also contribute meaningfully to society.
Thailand's regional diversity further enriches its entrepreneurial landscape. From the cosmopolitan bustle of Bangkok to the more traditional northern and southern provinces, entrepreneurs adapt their approaches to local contexts. In rural areas, small-scale entrepreneurs often integrate local customs and practices into their business models, creating enterprises that are deeply rooted in their communities.
7. Australia: "Entrepreneur"
While Australia uses the English term "Entrepreneur," the Australian approach to entrepreneurship is distinctly shaped by the country's culture of independence and the "give it a go" attitude. This spirit of adventure and willingness to challenge the status quo permeates the Australian business landscape.
Melanie Perkins, co-founder of Canva, exemplifies the Australian entrepreneurial ethos. Her journey from a university student with a big idea to the leader of a global design platform showcases the blend of innovation, risk-taking, and perseverance that characterizes Australian entrepreneurs. The emphasis on innovation in Australia spans various sectors, from technology and social enterprises to lifestyle businesses, continually pushing boundaries and driving change.
Australia's diverse society, including its Indigenous peoples, brings varied perspectives to entrepreneurship. Indigenous entrepreneurs often incorporate cultural heritage and sustainability into their ventures, reflecting a deep connection to land and community. This integration of diverse viewpoints contributes to a rich and multifaceted entrepreneurial ecosystem unique to Australia.
8. New Zealand: "Kaipakihi"
In New Zealand, the Māori term "Kaipakihi" for businessperson or entrepreneur reflects the country's bicultural foundation and its influence on the entrepreneurial landscape. New Zealand's approach to entrepreneurship is marked by a deep respect for nature and community, often focusing on sustainability and social responsibility.
This holistic view of entrepreneurship aligns with Māori values such as kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and manaakitanga (care for others). Innovators like Sir Ray Avery, known for developing affordable medical devices, embody this approach. Their work demonstrates how New Zealand entrepreneurs often measure success not just in economic terms, but also by the positive impact they create on society and the environment.
The integration of Māori values into New Zealand's broader entrepreneurial landscape is a distinctive feature that sets it apart. Many non-Māori entrepreneurs also embrace principles like sustainability and community well-being, reflecting the nation's collective ethos. This unique blend of cultural values and innovative thinking positions New Zealand entrepreneurs as leaders in creating businesses that are both profitable and socially conscious.
The Universal Thread
Across these diverse cultures, one thing is clear: entrepreneurship is about more than just starting a business. It's a mindset—a willingness to take risks, innovate, and push beyond the ordinary. Being an entrepreneur means different things in different places, but it universally embodies a spirit of creation, resilience, and the desire to make a difference.
Whether it's the community-driven focus in Malaysia, the resilience in the Philippines, the precision in Singapore, or the holistic approach in New Zealand, entrepreneurs worldwide share a common drive to turn ideas into reality. They are the ones who see opportunities where others see obstacles, who are willing to step into the unknown, and who understand that success often comes from perseverance and adaptability.
So, what does it mean to be an entrepreneur? It means embracing the challenge, learning from every experience, and constantly seeking ways to add value—whether to one's own life, the community, or the world at large. No matter where you are, the essence of entrepreneurship lies in the courage to create, the passion to pursue, and the wisdom to grow.
How do you say "entrepreneur" in your language, and what does it mean to you?